Micron Technology (MU) Q4 2026 earnings call transcript

Thank you and welcome to Micron Technologies fiscal 4th quarter 2026 financial conference call. On the call with me today are Sanjay Mehrotra, Chairman and CEO, and Mark Murphy, our CFO. Today's call is being webcast from our investor relations site at investors. micron. com, including audio and slides. In addition, the press release detailing our quarterly results has been posted on the website along with prepared remarks for this call.

Today's discussion contains forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties. These forward-looking statements include statements regarding our future financial and operating performance and our business model, as well as trends and expectations in our business, customers, market, industry, products and regulatory and other matters. These statements are based on our current assumptions and we assume no obligation to update these statements. Please refer to our most recent financial reports on Form 10K, Forms 10Q and our other filings with the SEC for more information on the risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from expectations. Today's discussion of financial results is presented on a non-GAP financial basis, unless otherwise specified. A reconciliation of GAP to non-GAP financial measures can be found on our website.

I will now turn the call over to Sanjay.

Thank you Satya. Micron delivered an exceptional fiscal before with significant records in revenue, rose margin and EPS, each exceeding the high end of our guidance. Fiscal 2026 was an outstanding year. Revenue was three and a half times last year's record with data center revenue up fourfold. Micron's DRAM revenue for the fiscal year 2026 surpassed $100 billion. I'm thankful for the that made these extraordinary results possible. In recognition of these efforts and Micron's strong execution, we increased fiscal 2026 incentive compensation for every global team member, reinforcing our performance-driven culture and aligning team member success with long-term shareholder value creation. As strong as fiscal 2026 was, we expect fiscal 2027 to be even better.

Industry demand has strengthened since our last earnings call, and we expect memory and storage supply demand conditions to be much tighter in fiscal 2027 and 2028 than they were in 2026.

AI is becoming super-intelligence and memory enhances this intelligence and the competitiveness of our customers' platforms. AI applications across end markets, whether using open source or closed source models, are run on a variety of competing customer platforms. These platforms all share one important characteristic. Their value proposition is enhanced by the performance and capacity of memory and storage. Running an AI application on a platform with greater memory capability enables more scalable growth and usage, improves the end user experience, and increases the value users get from AI applications. The strategic importance of memory to our customers also provides greater differentiation opportunities for Micron than at any time in our history. As we address AI-driven demand for an increasingly complex set of products across the memory hierarchy, we have opportunities to deliver differentiated performance and quality, time to market advantages, and geographically diversified supply, including DRAM made in the U. S. We also have opportunities for richer product mix relative to our competitors with our focus on higher value solutions.

Micron's technology leadership, strong product portfolio, strategic customer agreements, and manufacturing excellence positioned us to capitalize on these opportunities. Micron is the industry's technology leader. Our one-gamma DRAM node and G9 NAND nodes are our largest production nodes today and are on track to become the highest volume nodes in Micron's history. Development of our next generation DRAM and NAND technology nodes is also progressing well, and they are on track to begin volume production in the second half of calendar 2027. We are leveraging these technology nodes and our advanced packaging capabilities to deliver leadership products across the memory hierarchy, such as industry leading HPM, high capacity SOCAM, high capacity and high performance DDR modules, and data center SSD products.

We are focused on our global manufacturing expansions to help address customer demand growth through the end of this decade and beyond. Micron is investing to provide long-term U. S. -based supply assurance for DDR, LPD RAM, and HPM products through our FAPs in Virginia, Idaho, and New York to support our customers across a variety of markets, including data center, PC, mobile, automotive, aerospace and defense, medical, humanoid, robotics, and other industrial and consumer markets. During the last quarter, we celebrated a concrete pole milestone for our first New York FAP with initial wafer output expected in calendar 2030. Our ID-1 FAP is on track to commence wafer output in late calendar 2028. In fiscal Q4, we held a groundbreaking ceremony for our DRAM FAP expansion in Japan with initial output expected in late calendar 2028 to support technology node transitions.

In Taiwan, we are on track for meaningful product shipments from our Tonglu facility in mid-calendar 2027. In Singapore, clean room preparation is ahead of plan at our HPM advanced packaging facility with initial output expected in early calendar 2027.

Also, construction is on track for our new NAND facility in Singapore to begin output in the second half of calendar 2028. Production from new DRAM and NAND fabrication facilities takes time to RAM and gradually becomes more meaningful starting a few quarters after initial output.

Micron's strategic customer agreements accelerate the transformation of our business. These multi-year take or pay agreements sharpen our long-term supply planning and enhance the durability and predictability of our strong financial performance. Further, they provide our customer, our customers supply assurance and deepen technology roadmap collaboration. This, in turn, helps our customers invest more confidently in their business and enables their end consumers to benefit from their products and services. To date, we have signed 26 SCAs which we currently estimate to be over 35% of our revenue through 2030. Three quarters of this estimated revenue has a defined pricing framework, a majority of which have pricing bands with floor and ceiling prices. The remaining quarter of this SCA revenue expectation has pricing negotiated periodically based on market prices.

Customers want SCA-assured supply beyond 2030 and we have now signed SCAs that extend into 2031 as well as one-year extensions to 2031 for two agreements.

Any new discussions on SCAs where pricing is involved are negotiated with higher pricing based on prevailing market conditions and outlook. For the 26 signed SCAs and extensions, financial commitments from customers have increased to $32 billion, the vast majority of which are cash deposits. These financial commitments reflect our customers' confidence in their long-term demand for memory and storage.

Turning to our end markets, please see our earnings press release for highlights across our high capacity DDR and LP server DRAM, data center SSD, PC, smartphone and physical AI product portfolios. We expect server unit growth in the high teams percentage range in both calendar 2026 and 2027. This strong server unit growth is supported by a modestly lower rate of content growth than prior expectations, image-type memory supply. Growing model parameter size, longer context length and higher concurrency continue to increase the memory and storage contents required to execute AI workloads efficiently. Micron is leveraging our technology leadership and manufacturing excellence to deliver innovative products across the memory hierarchy to data center customers. In HBM, our revenue for fiscal Q4 to 2026 grew faster than total company revenue in the quarter as we ramp HBM shipments across a growing number of customers.

We have completed agreements for the vast majority of our calendar 2027 HBM bid supply with significant price increases year over year, narrowing the gross margin gap with conventional DRAM. We continue to execute well on our ramp of HBM4. We have a strong roadmap for future HBM products and are proud to be working with NVIDIA on the industry's first custom HBM4E implementation NVHVM to be adopted on next generation of GPUs and NV-length fusion platforms.

In NAND, AI context memory storage used for KV cache offload and HDD displacement opportunities are expanding the addressable market for SSDs. Data center SSD revenue in fiscal Q4 was nearly $10 billion more than 10 times the year ago quarter and was over two thirds of total company NAND revenue. We are on track to deliver the fifth consecutive year of record market share in data center SSD in calendar 2026. This performance is driven by the strength of our NAND technology leadership and to end data center storage portfolio and close collaboration with customers which has resulted in design events across the largest data center deployments. PC and mobile industry revenue remain on track to grow this calendar year driven by strength at the premium end of the market despite potential double digit overall unit declines in both markets.

OEMs continue to introduce new AI capabilities in flagship PCs and smartphones driving robust demand for higher performance devices with increased DRAM and NAND content. Micron is focused on these premium segments and is well positioned to support customers as they expand edge AI capabilities with our industry leading memory and storage portfolio. Nearly half of MCBU revenue in fiscal Q4 was generated by one gamma product as customers accelerate qualifications and adopt our latest technology which delivers lower power consumption and higher performance. Autonomous vehicles are the first major deployment of physical AI which we believe will expand over time to humanoid robots and other intelligent autonomous systems. These increasingly complex systems require substantially higher performance and more power efficient memory and storage to operate in real time.

Memory content in level 4 and higher autonomous vehicles typically exceeds 200 gigabyte while storage content reaches multiple terabytes each more than an order of magnitude greater than in today's level 2 plus and level 3 semi-autonomous vehicles. humanoid robots are expected to have comparable memory and storage requirements to autonomous vehicles with anticipated increase in both units and memory content. Physical AI can become a significant driver of memory and storage demand by the end of this decade. Several physical AI customers are sampling our next generation products and we are increasing investments in our technology roadmap to ensure we are prepared to capitalize on this opportunity.

Now turning to market outlook we expect memory and storage supply demand conditions to be much tighter in calendar 2027 and 2028 than they were in 2026.

In NAND for calendar 2026 we expect industry bid shipments to grow in the low 20s percentage range slightly above our our prior expectations. We expect micron NAND supply to grow less than industry supply growth in calendar 2026. For calendar 2027 and 2028 we expect industry NAND bid shipments to grow approximately in the mid 20s percentage range in the industry to remain supply constrained in both years. In DRAM for calendar 2026 we expect industry bid shipments to grow in the mid 20s percentage range. We expect micron DRAM supply to grow approximately in line with industry supply growth. For calendar 2027 and 2028 we expect industry DRAM bid shipments to grow approximately in the low 20s percentage range and the industry to remain supply constrained in both years.

We expect industry HBM bid shipments to grow faster than conventional DRAM through calendar 2028. The structural gap between DRAM supply and demand growth rates is resulting in ongoing supply tightness and clean room additions are required to augment no transition supply growth and help narrow the gap. Even with additional industry DRAM clean room space plans with robust demand trends including new upside requests from customers we do not have line of sight to when supply and demand will return to balance. Given the need for DRAM clean room space and supported by greater visibility from SCAs into our demand through the end of the decade and beyond we plan to increase our CAPEX in fiscal 2027 versus prior plans.

A majority of the increase is for construction CAPEX most of which is to help accelerate clean room space availability in late calendar 2028 and beyond. We are also working to optimize production from available clean room space which is resulting in some pull forward of equipment spending.

Mark will provide more details on CAPEX. As we make these clean room space investments we will remain disciplined in our approach and anticipate ramping equipment capacity appropriately with our demand in the market environment. To further accelerate execution and innovation across the company last month we announced leadership appointments.

Manish Vhatia has been appointed to president and chief operating officer and Scott DeBore has been appointed to president and chief technology and products officer. Manish leads microns business units and global operations with accountability for our operating P&L.

In his role as COO, Manish has end to end responsibility for demand through supply, enabling faster more integrated decision making and stronger alignment across the organization to meet our customers evolving needs. Scott leads microns innovation technology and products organization. In his role as chief technology and products officer, Scott is responsible for advancing microns industry leading memory and storage roadmaps, accelerating innovation to meet customers rapidly evolving requirements and overseeing micron research labs a global flagship research hub dedicated to breakthrough memory and compute technologies. I'll now hand it over to Mark for our fiscal Q4 financial results and outlook.

Thank you Sanjay and good afternoon everyone. Micron delivered exceptional results to close up the fiscal year with fiscal Q4 revenue, gross margin and EPS all exceeding the high end of our guidance. For the full year, we achieved record revenue of $133.2 billion, up 256 percent year over year. Fiscal 2026 gross margins expanded to 81.1 percent of 40 percentage point improvement year over year to $75.52. Today we have signed 26 SCAs in total and our remaining performance obligations or RPO is approximately $150 billion. All SCAs have take or pay contracted volumes and RPO reflects the contract value for only SCAs that have a determined pricing framework which can be either a fixed price or subject to a pricing floor and ceiling.

RPO is based on committed volumes and minimum pricing and is inherently conservative. As mentioned in our last earnings call, even at floor prices, we expect margins meaningfully above any prior cycle peak margins. We expect revenue to well exceed the associated RPO over the terms of the agreements.

Consolidated fiscal Q4 revenue was $54.2 billion, up 31 percent sequentially and up 379 percent year over year. Fiscal Q4 revenue was our sixth consecutive quarterly revenue record. Fiscal Q4 DRAM revenue was a record $39.8 billion, up 343 percent year over year and represented 73 percent of total revenue. sequentially DRAM revenue increased 27 percent. Bit shipments were up mid-single-digit percentage range. Prices increased high teens percentage range driven by tight DRAM industry conditions. Fiscal Q4 NAND revenue was a record $14.1 billion, up 526 percent year over year and represented 26 percent of total revenue. sequentially NAND revenue increased 42 percent.

Bit shipments increased approximately 10 percent. Prices increased approximately 30 percent driven by tight NAND industry conditions. Consolidated gross margin for fiscal Q4 was 87 percent, up 210 basis points sequentially. This improvement was driven primarily by higher pricing and strong execution, partially offset by mix.

Now turning to quarterly financial performance by business unit, cloud memory business unit revenue was a record $16.3 billion and represented 30 percent of total company revenue. CMBU revenue was up 18 percent sequentially, driven by higher pricing and bit shipments. CMBU gross margins were 83 percent, flat sequentially, driven by higher pricing, offset by higher HBM mix. Core data center business unit revenue was a record $18 billion and represented 33 percent of total company revenue. TDBU revenue was up 56 percent sequentially, driven by higher pricing and bit shipments. TDBU gross margins were 90 percent, up 290 basis points sequentially, driven by higher pricing and favorable mix. Mobile and client business unit revenue was a record $13.1 billion and represented 24 percent of total company revenue.

MCBU revenue was up 14 percent sequentially, driven by higher pricing, partially offset by lower bit shipments. MCBU gross margins were 90 percent, up 260 basis points sequentially, driven primarily by higher pricing and favorable mix. Automotive and embedded business unit revenue was a record $6.8 billion and represented 13 percent of total company revenue. AEBU revenue was up 47 percent sequentially, driven by higher pricing and higher bit shipments. AEBU gross margins were 84 percent, up 470 basis points sequentially, driven by higher pricing. Operating expenses in fiscal Q4 were $2.6 billion, up $1.1 billion quarter over quarter. The sequential change was primarily due to the increase in incentive compensation for every global team member, along with our decisions to contribute $300 million to community investments.

We generated operating income of $44.6 billion in fiscal Q4, resulting in an operating margin of 82.3 percent, up 110 basis points sequentially, and 47 percentage points year over year. Fiscal Q4 taxes were $6.8 billion on an effective tax rate of 15 percent. Non-gap diluted earnings per share in fiscal Q4 was $33.42, up 33 percent sequentially.

Turning to cash flow and capital expenditures in fiscal Q4, operating cash flows were $44 billion. Capital expenditures were $10.8 billion, resulting in free cash flow of $33.2 billion.

As noted in previous disclosures, customer cash deposits associated with the SCAs are reported within financing activities, and therefore do not affect our free cash flow. Customer cash deposits received during fiscal Q4 were $12.3 billion. Ending inventory for fiscal Q4 was $10.4 billion, with days of inventory at $129, an increase of nine days sequentially. The increase in DIO includes the effect of node end-of-life related build ahead, and manufacturing related incentive compensation in fiscal Q4 that was absorbed into inventories. Our inventory levels and supply remain extremely tight, and we expect DIO to decline in the coming quarters.

We reach record levels of cash and investments of $73.5 billion at quarter end. Customer cash deposits on our balance sheet at the end of fiscal Q4 were $12.7 billion.

SCA cash deposits are unrestricted and will be returned to customers over time. Towards a latter half of each agreement's term, assuming minimum purchase requirements are met.

During fiscal Q4, we reduced debt by approximately $500 million, including a note redemption that reduced senior notes by approximately $300 million. The weighted average maturity on our outstanding debt is approximately nine years. We closed the quarter with $5.2 billion of debt, and a net cash balance of $68.3 billion. During the quarter, we received two credit rating agency upgrades, and are now rated a triple B plus or equivalent with all three major credit rating agencies. Our balance sheet has never been stronger, and we expect it to strengthen further even as we increase investment in technology and needed capacity.

As noted previously, we intend to increase our capital return from December 9th, 2026, the second anniversary of the signature of our definitive chips agreements. Over time, we expect to return 100% of our excess cash to shareholders.

Now, turning to guidance. We expect fiscal Q1 revenue to be a record $61.5 billion, plus or minus $1.5 billion, gross margin to be approximately 86.25%, and operating expenses to be approximately $2.06 billion. Based on a share count of approximately 1.15 billion shares, we expect EPS to be $38.15 per share, plus or minus a dollar. We expect fiscal 2027 to be another record-eager with sequential revenue growth each quarter. Consistent with projected strong execution and record company financial performance, we expect fiscal 2027 to have higher incentive compensation levels. We anticipate fiscal Q1 to be the floor for gross margins in fiscal 2027.

As Sanjay mentioned, we made a decision to increase fiscal 2026 incentive compensation in fiscal Q4. Most of the increase in fiscal 2026 incentive compensation pertaining to manufacturing was absorbed into inventories in fiscal Q4. As a result, the effects from the sale of these higher cost inventories principally impact fiscal Q1 gross margin. Fiscal Q2 benefits from less of this fiscal Q4 related compensation expense, but this benefit is offset by the impact of higher fiscal 2027 incentive compensation. We expect higher gross margins beyond fiscal Q1 for the remainder of fiscal 2027, with a more moderate rate of price increases. We project operating expenses to increase by approximately $2.5 billion in fiscal 2027, primarily from higher R&D to support an unprecedented set of opportunities in memory and storage and from higher incentive compensation plans.

We expect a fiscal Q1 and fiscal 2027 tax rate of around 15.5%. Micron continues to invest in a disciplined manner across our global footprint to address customer demand.

As a reminder, our CAPEX is net of anticipated government incentives. In fiscal Q1, we project CAPEX of around $11.5 billion and anticipate first half fiscal 2027 CAPEX to be approximately $25 billion. We project CAPEX to be higher in the second half of fiscal 2027. We expect a meaningfully higher growth rate in construction CAPEX as compared to equipment CAPEX in fiscal 2027.

Before I close, I would also like to add my thanks to all Micron global team members for their focus on technology and product innovation and discipline execution that makes these strong results and outlook possible. I'll now turn it over to Sanjay to close.

Thank you, Mark. Superintelligence is creating the most compelling opportunity for Micron in its history. Fiscal 2026 was an outstanding year and we expect fiscal 2027 to be even better. As we celebrate the 48th anniversary of Micron's founding, I would like to acknowledge the nearly five decades of innovation, disciplined execution and perseverance that have prepared Micron for this moment. We will now open for questions.

Sure, Tim. I'm happy to provide some perspective. The market conditions, Micron's technology and product position and operational execution all combined to deliver very strong free cash flow. We had 33 billion as reported here in fiscal Q4. We expected strong free cash flow to continue on the market conditions and discipline execution, even while we invest in more R&D and CapEx as you heard today.

With these demand drivers and supply factors and long-term and committed agreements that you heard about today, plus Micron's technology position and execution, we think this free cash flow strength is more durable. Near term, based on our Q1 guide and including the CapEx number that you heard, you will see free cash flow significantly higher than the 33 billion we reported in fiscal Q4.

On target cash, we expect to be around a target cash level by the end of fiscal Q1. Over time and with the rate and pace determined by various factors, we plan to return excess, primarily done through share repurchase. We intend to increase capital return as we've talked about before and in the script today from December 9th.

Finally, I'll just add that our current authorization that you can see from our previous filings for share repurchase stands at 2.2 billion dollars. You can assume that we will seek additional authorization in the near term. On more authorization.

Yeah, Tim, I would just comment that you capture correctly that we gave you a first half CapEx number. We indicated second half would be higher. Importantly, that mix of capital spend is shifting to more construction. And we gave you some commentary on that versus equipment. And we would expect that trend to continue here next few years. Now, as it relates to capital intensity, I think as you point out that capital intensity is low on historic levels, and that is reflective of the strategic asset that memory and storage has become.

And the bit the industry is structurally reset, and we will continue to work to add capacity in a very disciplined manner, ensuring that we're getting adequate return on that capacity investment going forward. Okay, thank you.

Yes, CJ. I will. This is Mark. I will. I will take this opportunity to just provide a bit more perspective on fiscal Q4 and fiscal Q1 to help walk you through the puts and takes on margin.

In fiscal Q4, we made the decision to increase incentive compensation, and you can see that most clearly and actually the OPEX number. And you can see it clearly in the third quarter to fourth quarter OPEX. Now, in manufacturing expense, most of these costs, they're absorbed into inventories in Q4, so there was only a small effect in Q4. The higher cost inventories as a result of the increase in incentive comp, booked in the fourth quarter, the impact of that, you'll see in the fiscal Q1 guide. And we also have some startup costs, which I've talked about previously and some other costs, but incentive comp is the big driver to that gross margin outlook.

And in total, these factors in the first quarter are roughly a billion dollars of higher cost in Q1. So that gives you a sense of the margin impact. Now, I think it's important to note that we also have significantly increased fiscal 27 incentive compensation. And you'll see the effect of that in first quarter, again, in the OPEX number in the fiscal Q1 OPEX guide. On manufacturing, most of the higher FY27 incentive comp will start to impact margins in fiscal Q2. Now, beyond the normal cost increases from higher volume and depreciation, you have this roughly billion dollars of ongoing costs from incentive comp, higher startup, and some other costs in fiscal 27. So while it's a quality, you know, a headwind in the first quarter, and there are some sustained costs through the year, I just, it's important to keep in mind how structurally different the business is as far as profitability and return.

We're operating at a much stronger level. And I've talked about how 27, 28, we expect to be stronger market conditions in 26. And long-term agreements give us, you know, and take or pay agreements give us visibility beyond that. And I think it's important also to note that these costs, you know, these, some of these costs can be considered variable or temporal.

So for 27, we also discussed how we expect Q1 to be the floor and gross margin. And we expect higher gross margin for the balance of the year as we have continued price increases and strong operating performance.

So I can take that question, CJ. So as you know, for 2026, our prices for HPM were negotiated with our customers last year. And we mentioned that now for 2027, a large part of the volume is already sold out for 2027 for HPM. And the prices are much higher than 2026 prices. And, you know, of course, that is helping us narrow the margin gap with the non-HBM memory there.

So overall, our HPM is on a very good trajectory. We indicated that, you know, overall for the industry, we expect HPM to be outgrowing the DRAM in terms of the demand growth. So HPM is on a you know, our HPM3E, HPM4 products late next year with HPM4E products. So we continue to see strong momentum with our HPM products and a well positioned to address the opportunities ahead. So I hope I answered your question regarding the growth here, strong growth, strong products, and with the price increases starting in calendar year 2027, narrowing the margin gap with non-HBM, part of the DRAM market.

Yeah, VEC, all I can add is that, and hopefully made it clear in the prior response, that we have the ability and the intent to increase our capital return. And we, you can expect us to seek to increase our authorization and commence stronger capital return from December 9th in accordance with the agreements we have with the UNCHIPS.

So as we noted, in calendar 27 as well as 2028, we see demand exceeding supply and in fact we see greater tightness in the industry in 27 and in 28 versus 26. So overall, supply demand environment is only getting tighter and of course, you know, even as we work hard to bring up capacity as I shared in my prepared remarks, even with any new clean room space coming up in 2028, we see continuing tight supply conditions because first of all, clean rooms take a long while to build. Even after they are built, even after first-wafer output, production ramps up only gradually in the clean rooms. That's just nature of what it takes to bring up production and you know, with HBM going from 3E to a greater max of 4 and 4E and with the trade ratio that exists that again creates headwinds with respect to supply growth, nodes transitions of the future give less productivity gain per wafer as well.

So there are a lot of factors, these key factors that are, you know, headwinds to the supply growth and even in 2028, even as some of the new clean rooms start ramping up, the supply is tight and that is in the backdrop of strong demand. While some level of content growth may be moderately lower in some of the servers compared to prior expectations, overall unit demand for servers continues to 26, as well as 27, we expect, you know, high teens in terms of server unit shipments and that sets the stage well for data center growth of shipments for DRAM in 2028 as well. So it's a strong demand environment and customers work with, you know, they fully understand this extremely tight supply outlook that we have.

We have shared with you that we do not see line of site when supply catches up the demand because the demand trends of larger models, growing contacts, more current currency, greater agents, across enterprise and consumer only continue to drive greater need for memory, greater need for memory content as well as for higher performance memory. So when customers reduce their content growth, what's this prior expectation as I refer to in certain platforms, that really is to enable them to ship more units as reflected in the strong server growth in 26, as well as 27, which sets the stage up well for 2028 time frame. So I see healthy demand supply environment here, you know, going forward for the factors related to demand as well as for supply and that obviously boards well for the industry pricing environment as well.

And I'll just add here that our SCAs give us tremendous visibility with our customers and we mentioned here that our customers are actually coming to us, you know, asking for more supply, SCA customers are asking for more supply, non-SCA customers, I mean, we are getting TOs, I'll tell you that 2027, more than 75% of our output is already committed for 2027 and majority of discussions with our customers today are already around 2028. So overall, the industry demand supply environment and the outlook is in a very healthy place here and we do not have in this strong demand environment, we do not have a line of sight to when supply and demand will get in balance.

And customers want assurance now even beyond 2030 time frame, I mean, mentioned that we concluded some extensions to our SCAs as well as the 2031 time frame as well as new SCAs for extending out to 2031 time frame.

So as you mentioned, we actually see the overall HBM supply, I mean, HBM demand outpacing the industry demand in 27 as well as in 28 and we continue to see, you know, tight memory conditions in both 27 and 28 time frame. And you know, the latent nature of need for more memory in the applications continues to be strong because, you know, AI platforms in order to deliver their maximum capabilities and potential just need more and faster memory, you know, to again address the growing context, concurrency and, of course, the larger model sizes as well. So overall, the demand trends are in a very strong place and then customers make optimizations, they make these optimizations mainly to be able to ship more units to drive their own more growth as well as to address the end market opportunity of growing scaling up AI.

And, you know, these optimizations, you know, when they occur, you know, they do not take away from the latent nature of a need for more memory in the systems. And these optimizations also have, you know, diminishing, you know, determination, you know, return for any further optimizations. And if you contrast optimizations with actually the secular demand and the value proposition, you know, of memory in the platforms, you will see that the overall demand trend continues to be very healthy for memory and storage. And again, we see 27 and 28, tighter than 26.

The free help from the end of the week. And HBM continues to grow faster than conventional DRAM through 2028.

Sure. It's related to just the, you know, strong supply demand and balance that we have. And the lead time it takes to get greenfield capacity in place. So that, you know, we've talked through many fabs that we're building out and coming, you know, ID1, ID2, Japan, Singapore, Tonglo. And so, and we've got now the visibility through these, you know, strategic customer agreements to build out this greenfield capacity. And then, you know, we will equip those fabs as appropriate given our most current views on demand.

So, regarding my comment on 27, that more than 75% of our output is already committed. As I had said, that is, of course, between the SCA customers as well as non-SCA customers. Keep in mind that we have certain large customers where we of course are doing business with them on annual basis as well. So, that volume coverage comment, I just wanted to clarify, it is across our customer base, SCAs as well as non-SCAs. And given the strong demand trends, we are getting purchase orders for 2027 from non-SCA customers as well early on here.

And regarding your question on where could SCAs ultimately reach to? So, that basically is still around 50% of our revenue through the 2030 time frame that we had previously commented on. That comment still remains about the same that we could reach around 50% of our revenue to be covered by SCA. Of course, that could be less to, depending upon the revenue of all the rest of the business. But overall, that objective remains by and large the same. And of course, we are always managing the mix of the business. It is important for us to be able to maintain flexibility in terms of managing our supply across our customer base, across the end market segments, across new customers too that may be evolving over the course of the next few years, particularly given the dynamic nature of our industry, the tremendous amount of innovation that's just happening across the board.

We want to be in a position to basically remain in that position. So, basically, I think we are really making very good progress in this regard. And the benefit of SCA is to give us visibility into the demand out there in the future. It really helps us plan our investments. And that really is a fundamental change to the nature of this industry when you think about it, that it helps us manage our investments, manage our supply expectations with a long time horizon. That is really good for the health of the industry versus the past when you would experience more volatility in our industry.

So, you know, certainly, as you noted, the memory hierarchy from HBM to DRAM to SSD, I mean, it continues to be leveraged as context windows grow and as AI advances. And we are very pleased with our product portfolio position. And as we noted, I mean, our portfolio is in the best position ever in the industry, particularly to capture these huge growing market opportunities with AI. And of course, very proud of our team's strong execution on the side of SSD, which is critical, you know, for data center SSDs, which are absolutely critical in the memory hierarchy that is needed to drive the growth of AI. And you're seeing the results of that, you know, five consecutive years now of shared growth in the data center market, you know, our revenue reaching $10 billion in fiscal Q4 for data center SSD, data center SSD, becoming two-thirds of our total NAND revenue.

So we are, of course, you know, continuing to invest in R&D, you know, related to the products, as well as making the investments on the manufacturing side are investments related to NAND as part of our overall CAPEX, you know, certainly are increasing as well. And, you know, we have talked about the next FAB for NAND that we are also building in Singapore, which is currently on track for late calendar 2028 timeframe. And our CAPEX is supporting our, you know, G9, NAND tech transition, of course, driving toward equipment, productivity optimization, NAND R&D, you know, and, you know, other aspects of our Singapore operations as well.